C++ Tutorial

C++ is a widely used and very popular programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup. It is known for its high-level approach and object-oriented programming (OOP) capabilities. Developers use C++ to write clean and efficient code for a variety of applications, including software, games, and large operating systems. This language is built on the C programming language and adds OOP functionality. C++ tutorials cover all basic and advanced aspects of C++, including fundamentals, functions, classes, OOP principles, and STL concepts.

What is C++?

C++ is a widely used programming language that runs on a variety of operating systems. It is used to create fast and powerful applications such as operating systems, games, and e-commerce software. Bjarne Stroustrup created it as an update to the C language. C++ provides a high level of control over system resources and memory.

Why Learn C++?

C++ is one of the most used and popular programming languages.
C++ is used to create operating systems, embedded systems, and graphical user interfaces.
It is an object-oriented programming language that implements all OOP concepts such as abstraction, encapsulation, and inheritance. This gives the program a clear structure and enables code reuse, reducing development costs and ensuring security.
It can be used to create applications that are portable and can be adapted to multiple platforms.
C++ is easy to learn, so you can choose it as your first programming language.
C++'s syntax is similar to C, Java, and C#, so programmers can easily switch to C++.

C++ Overview

C++ Basics

First C++ Program
C++ Basic Syntax
C++ Comments
C++ Tokens
C++ Identifiers
C++ Keywords
Difference between Keyword and Identifier

C++ Variables and Constants

C++ Variables

C++ Constants

Scope of C++ Variables

C++ Storage Classes

C++ Static Variables

C++ Data Types and Literals

C++ Data Types

C++ Literals

C++ Derived Data Types

C++ User-Defined Data Types

C++ Data Type Ranges and Their Macros

C++ Type Modifiers

C++ Data Type Conversion

C++ Typecasting Operators

C++ Operators

C++ Arithmetic Operators

C++ Unary Operators

C++ Bitwise Operators

C++ Relational Operators

C++ Logical Operators

C++ Assignment Operators

C++ Ternary/Conditional Operators

C++ Sizeof Operator

C++ Scope Resolution Operator

C++ Input/Output

C++ Basic Input / Output

C++ Standard Input Stream (cin)

C++ Standard Output Stream (cout)

C++ Standard Error Stream (cerr)

C++ Input / Output Manipulator

C++ Control Statements

C++ Decision Making

C++ if Statement

C++ if-else Statement

C++ if-else-if Ladder

C++ Nested if-else Statement

C++ Switch Statement

C++ Jump Statements

C++ Loops

C++ for Loop

C++ Range-Based for Loop

C++ while Loop

C++ do…while Loop

C++ Functions

C++ return

C++ Parameter Passing Techniques

Difference between Call by Value and Call by Reference

C++ Default Arguments

C++ Recursion

C++ Inline Functions

C++ Lambda Expression

C++ Pointers and References

C++ Pointers

C++ Pointer Arithmetic

Dangling, Void, Null, and Wild Pointers

Applications of Pointers

C++ nullptr

C++ References

Can references refer to an invalid location in C++?

Difference Between Pointers and References in C++

Passing by pointer Vs Passing by Reference in C++

When do we pass arguments by reference or pointer?

C++ Arrays

C++ Multidimensional Arrays

C++ Pointer to an Array

Size of Array parameter

Passing Arrays to Functions in C++

What is Array Decay in C++? How can it be prevented?

C++ Strings

C++ std::string Class

C++ Array of Strings

C++ String Functions

C++ String Concatenation

Tokenizing a String in C++

C++ Substring

C++ Structures and Unions

C++ Structures, Unions, and Enumerations

C++ Structures

C++ Pointer to Structure

C++ Self-Referential Structures

Difference Between C Structures and C++ Structures

C++ Unions

C++ Bit Fields

C++ Enumeration

C++ typedef

Array of Structures vs Array within a Structure in C/C++

C++ Dynamic Memory Management

C++ new and delete Operators

new vs malloc() and free() vs delete in C++

Memory leak in C++

Difference between Static and Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++

C++ Object-Oriented Programming

C++ Object Oriented Programming (OOPs)

C++ Classes and Objects

C++ Access Modifiers

C++ Friend Class and Function

C++ Constructors

C++ Default Constructors

C++ Copy Constructor

C++ Destructors

C++ Private Destructor

When is the Copy Constructor Called?

Shallow Copy and Deep Copy in C++

When Should We Write Our Own Copy Constructor?

Does the Compiler Create a Default Constructor When We Write Our Own?

C++ Static Data Members

C++ Static Member Functions

C++ this pointer

C++ Scope Resolution Operator vs this pointer

C++ Local Class

C++ Nested Classes

C++ enum Class

Difference between Structure and Class in C++

Why C++ is a partially Object Oriented Language?

C++ Encapsulation and Abstraction

C++ Encapsulation

C++ Abstraction

Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++

C++ Polymorphism

C++ Function Overriding

C++ Virtual Functions and Runtime Polymorphism

Difference between Compile-time and Run-time Polymorphism in C++

Difference between Inheritance and Polymorphism in C++

C++ Function Overloading

C++ Constructor Overloading

C++ Functions that Cannot be Overloaded

C++ Function Overloading and const Keyword

C++ Function Overloading and Return Type

C++ Function Overloading and float Data Type

C++ Function Overloading and Default Arguments

Can main() be overloaded?

C++ Function Overloading Vs Function Overriding

Advantages and Disadvantages of C++ Function Overloading

C++ Operator Overloading

Types of C++ Operator Overloading

C++ Functors

C++ Operators that Cannot be Overloaded

C++ Inheritance

C++ Inheritance Access

C++ Multiple Inheritance

C++ Hierarchical Inheritance

C++ Multilevel Inheritance

C++ Constructor in Multiple Inheritance

C++ Inheritance and Friendship

Does Function Overloading Work with Inheritance in C++?

Difference Between Inheritance and Polymorphism in C++

C++ Virtual Functions

C++ Virtual Functions in Derived Classes

C++ Default Arguments and Virtual Function

C++ Inline Virtual Functions

C++ Virtual Destructor

C++ Virtual Constructor

C++ Virtual Copy Constructor

C++ Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Class

C++ Pure Virtual Destructor in C++

Can Static Functions be Virtual in C++?

C++ RTTI (Run-Time Type Information)

Can C++ Virtual Functions be Private?

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Exception Handling using Classes

C++ Stack Unwinding

C++ User-Defined Exceptions

C++ Files and Streams

C++ I/O Redirection

C++ Templates

C++ Template Specialization

C++ using Keyword

C++ Standard Template Library (STL)

The C++ Standard Template Library (STL)

STL Algorithms

STL Containers

STL Vector

STL Pair

STL Set

STL Multiset

STL Stack

STL Queue

STL Priority Queue

STL Deque

STL List

STL Forward List

STL Map

STL Multimap

STL Bitset

STL Unordered Sets

STL Unordered Multiset

STL Unordered Map

STL Unordered Multimap

C++ Iterators

Introduction to C++ Iterators

C++ Input Iterators

C++ Output Iterators

C++ Forward Iterators

C++ Bidirectional Iterators

C++ Random Access Iterators

C++ istream_iterator and ostream Iterator

Difference between C++ Iterators and Pointers

C++ Preprocessors

C++ Preprocessor

C++ Preprocessor Directives

C++ #include Directive

C++ #define Directive

C++ Conditional Preprocessors

Difference between C++ Preprocessor Directives and Function Templates

C++ Namespace

C++ Namespaces

Extending C++ Namespace and Unnamed Namespace

Accessing, Creating Header, Nesting, and Aliasing Namespace

C++ Inline Namespaces

Advanced C++

C++ Multithreading

C++ Smart Pointers

Differences between Different C++ Smart Pointers

Type of ‘this’ Pointer in C++

Delete ‘this’ Pointer in C++

Passing C++ Function as a Parameter

C++ Signal Handling

C++ Generics

C vs C++

Differences and Similarities between C++ and C

Difference between C++ and Objective C

C programs that won’t compile in C++

Program that produces different results in C and C++

Void * in C vs C++

Type Difference of Character Literals in C vs C++

Difference between Structures in C and Structures in C++

Cin-Cout vs Scanf-Printf

C++ vs Java

Differences and Similarities between C++ and Java

Inheritance in C++ vs Java

Static keyword in C++ vs Java

Default Virtual Behavior in C++ vs Java

Exception Handling in C++ vs Java

Foreach loop in C++ vs Java

Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java

Floating Point Operations & Associativity in C, C++, and Java

Competitive Programming in C++

Competitive Programming – A Complete Guide

C++ Tricks for Competitive Programming

Writing C/C++ code efficiently in Competitive Programming

Why C++ is Best for Competitive Programming?

Generating Test Cases in C++

Fast I/O for Competitive Programming in C++

Setting up Sublime Text for C++ Competitive Programming Environment

Setting up VS Code for C++ Competitive Programming Environment

Which C++ libraries are useful for competitive programming?

Common mistakes to be avoided in Competitive Programming in C++

Applications of C++

C++ is widely used in various real-world applications, including:

1. Operating Systems: C++ is extensively used in developing operating systems. Major parts of macOS and Microsoft Windows are written in C++. Microsoft Office, Visual Studio, and Internet Explorer are also developed using C++.

2. Games: C++ is a popular choice for game development due to its ability to manipulate resources efficiently. It is used to create complex 3D games and multiplayer games. The Unreal Engine, a widely-used game engine, is built using C++.

3. Web Browsers: Many web browsers, including Mozilla Firefox, are developed using C++. Google's applications and software, such as Chrome and the Google File System, also use C++.

4. Compilers: C and C++ are commonly used for developing compilers of various programming languages. Their lower-level nature makes them suitable for this purpose.

5. Embedded Systems: C++ is used in developing embedded systems, such as smartwatches, medical equipment, and mobile phones. It allows for low-level function calls, making it suitable for hardware-related tasks.

These are just a few examples of how C++ is utilized in different industries and applications, highlighting its versatility and importance in the programming world.

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